How your refund is calculated
Your refund = tax already withheld from your paycheck minus your actual tax bill. If your employer withheld more than you owe, you get the difference back. If less was withheld, you owe the balance. Credits like the Child Tax Credit reduce your tax bill dollar-for-dollar before the comparison.
How this calculator works
- Estimate taxable income from the income and deduction inputs shown on the page.
- Calculate federal income tax, then reduce it with nonrefundable credits before applying withholding and refundable credits.
- Add refundable EITC when the eligibility and income inputs on the page support a credit.
Example scenario
For a filer with wages, withholding, and qualifying children, the estimator first computes 2025 taxable income, then subtracts nonrefundable tax credits, and finally adds withholding plus refundable credits such as EITC to show a planning-level refund or balance due.
Direct sources for this page
Federal income tax brackets used in refund estimates.
Current child tax credit and refundable ACTC limits.
2025 EITC limits, phase-in, and phaseout tables.
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